Хонинговальные головки

Gear grinding is distinguished into generating grinding and profile grinding as well as continuous and discontinuous grinding [KARP08]. Generating gear grinding generates the gear shape mainly by the complex process kinematics, profile gear grinding mainly through the grinding wheel profile (Fig. 4.2). The grinding tools have to withstand long contact lengths. The contact length in […]

There is little information available about the re-use of abrasive grits. Especially for the expensive superabrasives, recycling is important under the growing awareness of material and energy efficiency. McClarence [MCCL10b] estimated in 2010 that only between 8-10 % of new diamond is reclaimed. 4.8.3.1 Conventional Tools Conventional grinding wheels can be crushed and backfilled in […]

Important mechanical characteristics are tool hardness, density, and elasticity [KUEN98]. The mechanical properties of grinding tools result from their inho­mogeneous structure [QUIR80, p. 6]. Grinding tool hardness is defined as resistance of abrasives to be pulled out, so hardness is a property of the whole tool not single components [DECN70]. Tool hardness is proportional to […]

In most industrial applications, wheel wear is assumed from workpiece profile deviations. In research settings, wheel wear is commonly determined by repro­ducing the rotating grinding wheel into a steel plate. The grinding wheel needs an unworn reference part such as a part of the abrasive layer that did not interact with the workpiece. Karpuschewski [KARP01, […]

In 1822, grinders did not become old:. About thirty years ago, the steam engine was first adapted to the purposes of grinding; and then a very important era arrived in the annals of the grinder. He now worked in a small low room, where there were ten or twelve stones; the doors and windows were […]

An important requirement is being cost-effective. For this, the time-dependent costs, scrap rate, tool costs and auxiliary costs need to be low (Fig. 7.30). Time-dependent costs come from the processing time and dressing time (Figs. 7.3, 7.4 and 7.31). Processing time can be reduced by a high material removal rate either by more effective chip […]

Magnetic abrasive finishing was first mentioned by Coats in a patent filed in 1938 [COAT40, SINL10]. It is a finishing method for flat, cylindrical, and ball grinding and especially suited for hard to machine materials [SINL10]. The magnetic abrasive particles can be produced by sintering, adhesive based processes, plasma based process (powder melting or plasma […]

Carbon forms several allotropes: hexagonal graphite, diamond in the cubic zinc blende structure, non-graphitic carbon, and the cage-like fullerene (C60), discovered in 1985 [JAEG10]. Diamond is the hardest material in nature and very resistant against compaction. This is due to the dense packing of the carbon atoms, their regular, symmetrical order, and the energy rich […]

2.8.1.1 Effect on Tool Performance In bonded abrasive tools, grit size in combination with grit concentration influences the number of cutting edges (Sect. 6.2 “Cutting Edge Density”). As consequence, the undeformed chip thickness during grinding is affected [WERN71]. Grinding tools with smaller grit sizes commonly cause higher machining forces and shorter tool life. [LINK15] Grit […]

Mining for raw materials is known for having many physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards [DONO04]. In addition, the processing of grits can be harmful to workers. For example, the emissions from melting corundum from bauxite in electric arc furnaces can lead to a lung disease known as corundum smelters lung, bauxite […]