Хонинговальные головки

2.1.1 Chemistry, Types and Characteristics of Corundum Corundum is crystalline aluminum oxide, Al2O3, and also known as alumina. Al2O3 is also the active element in the natural abrasive material emery [LEWI76, p. 9] and in the gemstones sapphire and ruby. Aluminum oxide occurs in at least five modifications, a-Al2O3, P-Al2O3, y-Al2O3, 5-Al2O3, and e-Al2O3. The […]

2.3.3.1 Monocrystalline Diamonds The first artificial diamond synthesis was conducted by the Swedish company ASEA with a six-anvil press in February 1953 [TOLA68, WEDL77]. In 1955, company GE followed with the synthesis in a belt press and in 1958 company De Beers [MARI04]. Graphite can be transformed to diamond directly at temperatures above 1800 K […]

2.8.3 Grit Size Selection 2.8.3.1 Sieving The size distribution of abrasive grits is adjusted by sieving for coarser grits and sedimentation for finer grits [KLOC05a, p. 27, MARI07]. Sieving is the simplest method to separate particles and works with sieves of defined mesh sizes [SALM07, p. 132]. Sieving can be performed manually or automatically on […]

Phenolic resin bonds, in particular phenol-formaldehyde resin bonds, are the most common resin bonds; tools made of this bonding type represent the largest market segment for conventional wheels after vitrified tools [KREB06, KLOC05a, p. 65, MARI07, p. 119]. Originally, this bond type was known as bakelite and for this Furfural Fig. 3.3 Structures of phenol, […]

Metallic bonds provide high grit retention and low wear during grinding. However, a copper bonding might smear during grinding. Metallic bonds might have low porosity, so that fillers in the bond are added for lubrication during grinding. Metallic bonded tools are difficult to condition mechanically [WEGE11]. Electro physical and electro chemical processes can be applied […]

The single crystal grits used in coated abrasives are similar to the ones used in grinding wheels. Grit sizes are usually graded in larger intervals than for grinding wheels [BORK92, p. 46]. The grits are fully embedded in the bond material, which leads to high resistance against grit-breakout [KONI86, KLOC09, p. 217]. Therefore, the wear […]

Grinding wheel rotation leads to centrifugal forces and stresses within the tool body. For a generic homogeneous cylinder, the tangential stresses, atx, at the diameter Dx follow (Eq. 5.1); the radial stresses, arx, follow (Eq. 5.2) [HELL05b, FRAN67]. The tangential stress has its maximum at the inner hole diameter, H = Dx; the radial stress […]

5.4.1 Technological Dimension For bonded superabrasive tools, bodies of steel, aluminium, resin and resin-aluminium are common. New body designs with carbon fiber reinforced resin enable even higher circumferential speeds over 200 m/s. The productivity seems to be improved and consumed spindle power decreased. Abrasive layers can be fixed with adhesives as segments. Glue type and […]

Tribochemical wear is the most complex wear mechanism [MARI04, RABI95]. It includes a reaction between body, counter body and environment [DIN79, HABI80]. A large reactive surface or friction heat accelerate these reactions. Beads of molten workpiece material give evidence of the high temperatures during the cutting action. For example, Mfiller [MULL01, p. 57] found beads […]

Sustainability indicators are less formalized assessment indicators than the ones in LCA, SLCA or LCC and can capture more than one dimension of sustainability. An indicator is “a measure or an aggregation of measures from which conclusions on the phenomenon of interest can be inferred” [JOUN12]. Sustainability indicators are good for users with limited databases […]