Хонинговальные головки

Section 7.1 described different methods for evaluating sustainability and Sect. 7.2 derived the life cycle inventory for grinding to implement these methods. Data for the analysis is either measured empirically, estimated or obtained from databases. Ideally, fundamental process knowledge would allow calculating all input and output streams from physical and analytical models. The following study […]

Araujo and Oliveira [ARAU12] compared the sustainability of hard turning and grinding based on 29 sustainability indicators in a case study. They chose five social indicators for the comparison: • labor relations: hourly wages, • health and safety: number of occupational accidents, noise level, operator risk level, • training and education: average number of hours […]

Sintered corundum is a family of grains produced from unfused alumina by sin­tering processes [JACK11, p. 29]. The aim of sintering is to form a solid ceramic body of a-Al2O3 with a regular, fine-crystalline structure [KLOC05a, p. 25]. This structure is supposed to have a good wear resistance in the abrasive grinding process [KLOC05a, p. […]

In the first years of CBN at the market, it was seen as competitor to diamond. However, CBN proved soon to be an ideal complement for machining of hard to machine ferreous materials [JUCH78]. In addition, CBN has advantages in its higher thermal stability over diamond. In the beginning, CBN was bonded in metal or […]

Packing density or bulk density depends on grit size and shape. For example, equidimensional shapes pack to a higher bulk density than flat shapes [MENA00]. The packing density is a rather simple but effective measure for the dominant grit shape of a batch, if grit size and size distribution are known [MALK08, SCHT81]. Measurement procedures […]

Fillers in resin bonds have several tasks in both manufacturing phase and grinding operation: They induce porosity, reinforce bond properties, change aesthetics, and more [FRAC10]. Common fillers in resin bonded grinding tools are cryolite (Na3AlF6), pyrite (FeS2), zinc sulfide (ZnS), lithopone (ZnSBaSO4), potassium fluoroborate and potassium chloride (KAlF4, K3AlF6), potassium sulphate (K2SO4), and mixtures of […]

Brazing is a soldering process at higher temperatures. The grits are held mechani­cally and chemically in the bond. Therefore, the grit exposure can be higher than for electroplated wheels leading to bigger chip space (Fig. 3.19) [MARI04, p. 416 f.]. Chemically bonded grits allow for even thinner bonding layers than electroplated grits [CHAT90]. This has […]

Lapping is a mainly room-bound process with geometrically undefined cutting edges. It is defined as a cutting process with loose grits distributed in a fluid or paste, so called lapping slurry, guided by a counterpart, which is usually shape-transferring (also called lapping tool). The cutting paths of the individual grits are ideally undirected [KLOC09, p. […]

Asen [ASEN08] has patented a wheel body made from a fiber composite, specif­ically with carbon fibers, glass fibers, or synthetic fibers. Different fiber structures are undergoing investigation, in particular uni-directional, orthotroph (fibers in different orthogonal directions) or transversal-isotrop [KRAF08]. The fiber struc­ture affects body strength and isotropy. Vitrified and resin bonded abrasive layers are glued […]

Cutting edge density is important to understand tool performance during the grinding process. Many researchers analyzed the statistical nature of the cutting edges [KASS69, BUTT68, SALJ88, HOU03, LORT75, etc.]. 6.2.1 Definitions 6.2.1.1 Static Cutting Edge Density Researchers differentiate between grit number and cutting edge number because each grit can have several cutting edges. However, both […]