Хонинговальные головки

Other than in grinding, diamond has far fewer limitations when machining steel by honing. This can be explained by the low cutting speeds, cooling and lubrication conditions in honing, which tend to suppress the reaction between diamond and workpiece materials with carbon affinity [KOPP81]. 2.3.4.2 Dressing Technology Natural diamonds of high purity are commonly used Read more

Resin bonded grinding tools are manufactured via mixing, pressing and hardening at temperatures up to 200 °C (Fig. 3.5) [COLL88]. Resins consist normally of the two main components resin and hardener. Mixing both parts results in the reactive resin material. During hardening, the resin’s viscosity rises and a duroplastic material is generated. 3.1.2.1 Mixing and Read more

Abrasives for polishing processes tend to be chosen according to the desired material removal rates. Common grit sizes are around 1 pm [MARI04, p. 442]. In rough abrasive pastes, the following abrasives with higher hardness are used [MARI04, p. 381, BORK92, p. 11, 13, 20, DAMB05, p. 33]: • Diamond (C), • Magnesia (MgO), • Read more

6.1.1 Volumetric Composition The percentages of grit volume, VG, bond volume, VB, and pore volume, VP, add up to 100 % (Eq. 6.1). The mass, m, of the abrasive layer is composed of the grit mass and bonding mass, defined by their respective densities, pG and pB (Eq. 6.2). Vg + Vb + Vp = Read more

The complex tool design with multiple cutting edges and the complex chip for­mation mechanisms complicate the analysis of the grinding process [KLOM86]. Figure 7.7 shows all input and output streams that can be considered in grinding and provides a basis for a life cycle inventory. The items have different relevance for different applications. The tooling Read more

The hardness of abrasives is defined in terms of the static indentation hardness as determined by Knoop or Vickers hardness test [MALK08]. Chip formation needs a high degree of grit hardness and toughness [KLOC05a]. Moreover, cutting edge sharpness over a longer period is affected by the grit hardness and wear resistance. There is no direct Read more

Metallic bonds are either multi-layered (produced by sintering or infiltration) or single-layered (produced by electroplating or brazing) [MARI07]. They are only applied to superabrasive grits because conventional grits wear too quickly to use the bonding strength to full capacity. 1.3.1 Chemistry and Types of Metallic Bonds for Multi-layer Abrasive Tools Metallic multi-layered bondings consist of Read more

Grinding wheel bodies of steel are manufactured with high dimensional quality and can easily be re-plated or re-layered. In multi-layer tools, the old abrasive layer is removed by etching of the adhesives that connect abrasive layer and body with chemical baths. A steel body can be reused up to six times [MARI07, p. 107]. Wheel Read more

Abrasive machining processes themselves can be regarded as tribological systems where workpiece material and abrasive tool interact under the influence of cooling lubricant and atmosphere [MARI04]. Abrasive tools are subjected to high tem­peratures and high pressures in the active cutting zone. Consequently, tool wear occurs. Tool wear happens because of mechanical effects (vibrations and grinding Read more

Grit size and grit size distribution affects tool manufacturing and tool use (see Sect. 2.8.1 “Grit Size”). Therefore, these grit characteristics provide a good case study on sustainability [LINK12c]. Grit size can be controlled by different stan­dardized methods, such as sieving and sedimentation (Sect. 2.9.1 “Grit Size Selection”). The user might want to consider the Read more