Хонинговальные головки

The use phase rather than the manufacturing phase of most consumer products dominates the environmental impacts [ASHB09]. The case study of an automotive manual transmission drivetrain exemplifies how higher manufacturing efforts can reduce the overall environmental impact [HELU11]. The automotive powertrain consists of the engine, transmission, and drivetrain (drive shaft, differentials and drive wheels). Gears […]

All corundum types have individual performance profiles. Various mechanisms to increase grit toughness take effect in the different corundum grits [LUDE94, p. 74 ff]. 2.1.5.1 Molten Corundum Pure white corundum is one of the hardest, but most friable corundum grit types and is used most in vitrified grinding wheels for precision grinding processes [MARI07, p. […]

2.6.1 Crushing Especially for conventional abrasives, crushing and milling are applied to change the size and shape of the abrasive grits [KLOC05a, p. 24]. For this purpose, jaw crushers, roll mills (roll crushers), gyratory crushers, ball mills, or pipe mills are utilized [LIET08]. Crushing with rollers can create needles in extreme cases; crushing with impact […]

Polarisation microscopy can detect stresses inside of transparent single-crystals, which is in particular important for monocrystalline diamond for jewelery [KLEB98, LENZ86]. Lattice defects in the crystals result in interference patterns and are recorded in double refraction pictures [MALZ00]. The results can be improved by embedding the grits into material with the same refractive index so […]

3.2.1 Chemistry and Types of Vitrified Bonds Vitrified bonds consist of silicates (red and white clay), kaolin (also known as white clay, Al2Si2O5(OH)4), field spar (KAlSi3O8-NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8), quartz (also known as silicon oxide, SiO2), and frits, i. e. pre-molten bonding components [BEYE04, HADE66, PADB93, JACK11, p. 92]. The bond is sintered at temper­atures above 800 °C […]

3.5.1 Rubber Rubber bonds are another type of organic bonds [ROWE09, p. 42]. Rubber bonds were once prominent for grinding of bearings and cutting tools, but today are mainly used for cut-off wheels and control wheels in centerless grinding [MALK08, p. 29]. Rubber bonded tools are manufactured by mixing of grits with synthetic rubber or […]

In the wire lapping procedure, a lapping medium of grits (commonly SiC) and medium (commonly oil or glycol) is sprayed on a non-coated wire [KLOC09, p. 386]. Because of the high costs and expensive disposal of the slurry, researchers have developed strategies for slurry refreshment and recycling [KLOC09, p. 387]. 4.6.2 Inner Diameter Saw The […]

Cut-off wheels need to be thin to reduce the removed material in the cut-off operation and to reduce power consumption. Reinforcement is necessary, because the resin bond of cut-off wheels is too brittle and unsafe for side forces. Therefore, cut-off wheels are reinforced with glass fibers, nylon discs, carbon, cotton cloth, linen, wood, silk, materials […]

Furthermore, ISO 3002-5:1989 defines the active grit count, Nact, as grit that are actually engaged [ISO89]. Werner expressed this as number of momentary grains per unit area, Nmom (Eq. 6.11) [WERN71]. Nmom = bs • lk • Nkin (6.11) 1 + a Nmom number of momentary grains per unit area a empirical factor bs wheel […]

For stationary dressers and form rollers, depth of dressing cut, aed, defines engagement depth of the dressing diamonds with the grinding tool in normal direction. For profile rollers radial dressing feed, frd, has the same implication. Grinding wheel wear and grit size define the depth of dressing cut [AVER82]. The depth of dressing cut should […]