Хонинговальные головки

7.2.1 Evaluating Sustainability of Unit Processes In addition to economic, environmental and social sustainability, the technological dimension needs to be considered as a fourth dimension. Yuan et al. [YUAN12] suggest three strategies to increase sustainability in manufacturing processes: (1) Optimizing of the manufacturing technology by detecting and changing the parameters that affect material and energy […]

This case study assumes that the body of the superabrasive wheel is made of tempered low alloy steel 42CrMo4 (oil quenched). This steel offers a high strength along with good durability and advantageous thermal characteristics. First, the steel is cast into a round steel bar of a diameter of 394 mm. Then the bar is […]

Corundum (a-Al2O3) and water (H2O) can result in gibbsite (Al(OH)3, Eq. 2.1) or diaspore (AlO(OH), Eq. 2.2) [LUDE94, p. 77]. The reaction to the relatively soft gibbsite in Eq. 2.1 is likely at temperatures from 0 to 300 °C and pressures up to 1000 bar [LUDE94, p. 79]. Al2O3 + 3H2O! 2 Al(OH)3(gibbsite, Knoop hardness […]

Other than in grinding, diamond has far fewer limitations when machining steel by honing. This can be explained by the low cutting speeds, cooling and lubrication conditions in honing, which tend to suppress the reaction between diamond and workpiece materials with carbon affinity [KOPP81]. 2.3.4.2 Dressing Technology Natural diamonds of high purity are commonly used […]

Counting methods work for single particles or on their projection [SALM07, p. 140]. A common procedure for counting abrasive grits is laser granulometry. Herein, a mixture of loose samples in a fluid medium flows through a ring. Laser light leads to different shadowing effects depending on the grit size. Commonly, three proportions of different grit […]

Resin bonded grinding tools are manufactured via mixing, pressing and hardening at temperatures up to 200 °C (Fig. 3.5) [COLL88]. Resins consist normally of the two main components resin and hardener. Mixing both parts results in the reactive resin material. During hardening, the resin’s viscosity rises and a duroplastic material is generated. 3.1.2.1 Mixing and […]

Electroplating is based on the cathodic metal deposition from a watery electrolyte (Fig. 3.15). A metallic layer can only be deposited on a workpiece, if there are enough electrons to discharge the metal ions within the watery solution. Depending on the origin of the electrons, a distinction is drawn between chemical metal deposition (without external […]

Abrasives for polishing processes tend to be chosen according to the desired material removal rates. Common grit sizes are around 1 pm [MARI04, p. 442]. In rough abrasive pastes, the following abrasives with higher hardness are used [MARI04, p. 381, BORK92, p. 11, 13, 20, DAMB05, p. 33]: • Diamond (C), • Magnesia (MgO), • […]

Metallic bodies made of steel, aluminum, aluminum resin composite, bronze, and copper are applied. For example, the aluminum and bronze blanks are turned to the proper dimensions on a lathe as bodies for resin bonded wheels [METZ86, p. 62]. The turning operation is a big portion of the manufacturing costs, because dimensional accuracy ranges from […]

6.1.1 Volumetric Composition The percentages of grit volume, VG, bond volume, VB, and pore volume, VP, add up to 100 % (Eq. 6.1). The mass, m, of the abrasive layer is composed of the grit mass and bonding mass, defined by their respective densities, pG and pB (Eq. 6.2). Vg + Vb + Vp = […]